Score: 3. I am confident that you will feel that this is a worthy addition to your asphalt book shelf. This new edition has been up-dated to ensure The Shell Bitumen Handbook retains its excellent reputation.
This comprehensive Handbook covers every aspect of bitumen, from its manufacture, storage and handling to specifications and quality along with a whole chapter on bitumen emulsions. The mechanical testing and physical properties of bitumen, its structure and rheology, properties such as durability and adhesion, and the influence of these properties on performance in practice are all set out in individual chapters.
Edited by renowned authority. Low-volume roads comprise, at one end of the spectrum, farm-to-market roads, roads in developing countries, northern roads, roads on aboriginal lands and parklands; and at the other end of the spectrum, heavy haul roads for mining, oil and gas, oil sands extraction, and forestry.
Low-Volume Road Engineering: Design, Construction, and Maintenance gives an international perspective to the engineering design of low-volume roads and their construction and maintenance.
It is a single reference drawing from the dispersed literature. It lays out the basic principles of each topic, from road location and geometric design, pavement design, slope stability and erosion control, through construction to maintenance, then refers the reader to more comprehensive treatment elsewhere.
The extent of native asphalt used, however, is relatively small. In fact, only a few thousand tons of natural asphalt is used in the United States each year. Natural asphalt is durable and has been used throughout history. Modern petroleum asphalt has the same durable qualities, but it has the important additional advantage of being refined toa uniform condition free from extraneous organic and mineral matter.
Natural asphalt, however, is nonuniform and contains various amounts of extraneous material. Uses of Asphalt Asphalt is used for a great variety of purposes. Annual worldwide consumption of asphalt is over 90 megatonnes million tons. The production and consumption of asphalt in the United States has shown a steady growth from about 1.
The use of asphalt in roadbuilding has grown concurrently with overali consumption. The major coverage of this manual will be to describe asphalt con- struction and design procedures as they relate to the predominant use of asphalt: pavements carrying vehicular traffic. However, as Table 1.
Asphalt Consumption. Road Mileage. Protecting tanks, vats, etc. Asphalt blocks Brick fillers Bridge deck surfacing Crack fillers Curbs, gutlers, drainage ditches Floors for buildings, warehouses, garages, etc.
Asphalt is a constituent in varying proportions of most crude petroleums. Asphalt Blocks—Asphalt concrete molded under high pressure. The type of aggregate mixture composition, amount and type of asphalt, and the size and thickness of the blocks are varied to suit usage requirements. Asphalt, Blown or Oxidized—Asphalt that is treated by blowing air through it at elevated temperature to give it characteristics desired for certain special uses such as roofing, pipe coating, undersealing portland cement concrete pavements, membrane envelopes, and hydraulic applications.
Asphalt, Catalytically Blown—An air-blown asphalt produced by using a catalyst during the blowing process. Its penetration is usually between 40 and The term is often abbreviated AC. Asphalt, Cutback—See Cutback Asphalt.
Asphalt Joint Sealer—An asphalt product used for sealing cracks and joints in pavements and other structures. Asphalt Joint Sealers, Preformed—Premolded strips of asphalt mixed with fine mineral substances, fibrous materials, cork, sawdust, or similar materials; manufacturerd in dimensions suitable for construction joints. Asphalt, Emulsified—See Emulsified Asphalt. Asphalt, Mineral Filled—Asphalt containing finely divided mineral matter passing 75 «m No, sieve.
Asphalt, Natural Native —Asphalt occurring in nature which has been derived from petroleum by natural processes of evaporation of volatile fractions leaving the asphalt fractions, The native asphalts of most importance are found in the Trinidad and Bermudez Lake deposits. Asphalt from these sources often is called Lake Asphalt. Asphalt Paint—A fluid asphalt product sometimes containing small amounts of other materials such as lampblack, aluminum flakes, and mineral pigments.
Asphalt Panels, Premolded—Generally made with a core of asphalt, minerals, and fibers, covered on each side by a layer of asphalt-impregnated felt or fabric, coated on the outside with hot applied asphalt. MS-4 13 made under pressure and heat to a width of 0. Asphait, Petroleum—Asphalt refined from crude petroleum. Asphalt Planks—Premolded mixtures of asphalt, fiber and mineral filler, sometimes reinforced with steel or fiberglass mesh. They are usually made in 0. Asphalt planks may also contain mineral grits which maintain a sandpaper texture throughout their life.
Asphalt, Powdered—Solid or hard asphalt crushed or ground to a fine state of subdivision. Asphalt, Rock—Porous rock such as sandstone or limestone that has become impregnated with natural asphalt through geologic process. Asphalt, Semi-Solid—Asphalt that is intermediate in consistency be- tween emulsified and cutback asphalt products and solid or hard asphalt— that is, normally has a penetration between 10 and Asphalt, Solid or Hard—Asphalt having a normal penetration of less than Bitumen—A mixture of hydrocarbons of natural or pyrogenous origin, or a combination of both; frequently accompanied by nonmetallic deriva- tives which may be gaseous, liquid, semisolid, or solid; and which are completely soluble in carbon disulfide.
Cutback Asphalt—Asphalt cement which has been liquefied by blending with petroleum solvents also called diluents. Upon exposure. Rapid-Curing RC Asphalt—Cutback asphalt composed of asphalt cement and a naphtha or gasoline-type diluent of high volatility. Medium-Curing MC Asphalt—Cutback asphalt composed of asphalt cement and kerosene-type diluent of medium volatility.
Emulsified Asphali—An emulsion of asphalt cement and water that contains a small amount of an emulsifying agent, a heterogeneous system containing two normally immiscible phases asphalt and water in which the water forms the continuous phase of the emulsion, and minute globules of asphalt form the discontinuous phase. Flux or Flux Oil—A thick, relatively nonvolatile fraction of petroleum which may be used to soften asphalt to a desired consistency; often used as base stock for manufacture of roofing asphalts.
Gilsonite—A form of natural asphalt, hard and brittle, occurring in rock crevices or veins from which it is mined. Asphalt Pavements and Surface Treatments Aggregate--Any hard, inert, mineral material used for mixing in graduated fragments, It includes sand, gravel, crushed stone, and slag.
Aggregate, Coarse—That retained on the 2. Aggregate Coarse-Graded—One having a continuous grading in sizes of particles from coarse through fine with a predominance of coarse sizes. Aggregate, Fine—That passing the 2. Aggregate, Fine-Graded—One having a continuous grading in sizes of particles from coarse through fine with a predominance of fine sizes. Aggregate, Macadam—A coarse aggregate of uniform size usually of crushed stone, slag, or gravel. Aggregate, Open-Graded—One containing little or no fine aggregate and mineral filler or in which the void spaces in the compacted aggregate are relatively large.
Aggregate, Weil-Graded—Aggregate that is uniformly graded from the maximum size down to filler with the object of obtaining an asphalt mix with a controlled void content and high stability. Asphalt Base Course—A foundation course or pavement layer consisting of mineral aggregate, bound together with asphalt material on which successive course s are placed. These blocks are laid in regular courses as in the case of brick pavements.
Asphalt Concrete—High quality, thoroughly controlled hot mixture of asphalt cement and well-graded, high quality aggregate, thoroughly com- pacted into a uniform dense mass typified by ASTM Specification D Asphalt Emulsion Slurry Seal—A mixture of slow-setting emulsified asphalt, fine aggregate and mineral filler, with water added to produce slurry consistency.
Asphalt Fog Seal—A light application of a slow-setting asphalt emulsion diluted with water and without mineral aggregate cover. Asphalt Intermediate Course sometimes called Binder Course —An asphalt pavement course between a base course and an asphalt surface course. Asphalt Macadam-—A type of pavement construction using a coarse, open-graded aggregate that is usually produced by crushing and screening stone, slag or gravel.
Such aggregate is called macadam aggregate. Asphalt may be incorporated in macadam construction either by penetration or by mixing, Asphalt Mastic—A mixture of asphalt and fine mineral material in such proportions that it may be poured hot or cold into place and compacted by troweling to a smooth surface.
Asphalt Overlay—One or more courses of asphalt construction on an existing pavement. The overlay may include a leveling course to correct the contour of the old pavement, followed by uniform course or courses to provide needed thickness. Asphalt Pavements—Pavements consisting of a surface course of mineral aggregate coated and cemented together with asphalt cement on supporting courses such as asphalt bases; crushed stone, slag, or gravel; or on portland cement concrete, brick, or block pavement.
Asphalt Pavement Structure—A pavement structure with allits courses of asphalt-aggregate mixtures, or a combination of asphalt courses and. Asphalt Prime Coat—An application of a low viscosity cutback asphalt product to an absorbent surface. It is used to prepare an untreated base for an asphalt surface. The prime penetrates into the base and plugs the voids, hardens the top and helps bind it to the overlying asphalt course.
Asphalt, Sand—-A mixture of sand and asphalt cement or cutback or emulsified asphalt. It may be prepared with or without special control of aggregate grading and may or may not contain mineral filler. Either mixed- in-place or plant-mix construction may be employed.
Sand-asphalt is used in construction of both base and surface courses. Asphalt Seal Coat—A thin asphalt surface treatment used to waterproof and improve the texture of an asphalt wearing surface. Depending on the purpose, seal coats may or may not be covered with aggregate.
The main types of seal coats are aggregate seals, fog seals, emulsion slurry seals and sand seals, Asphalt, Sheet—A hot mixture of asphalt cement with clean angular, graded sand and mineral filler. Its use ordinarily is confined to surface course, usually laid on an intermediate or leveling course. Asphalt Soil Stabilization Soil Treatment : —Treatment of naturally- occurring non-plastic or moderately plastic soil with cutback or emulsified asphalt at ambient temperatures.
Aeration and compaction of the asphalt- soil mixture produces water-resistant base and subbase courses of improved load-bearing qualities.
Asphalt Surface Course—The top course of an asphalt pavement, sometimes called asphalt wearing course. The types range from a light application of emulsified or cutback asphalt to single or multiple surface layers made up of alternating applications of asphalt and aggregate.
Asphalt Tack Coat—A very light application of asphalt, usually asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It is used to ensure a bond between the surface being paved and the overlying course. Base Course—The layer of material immediately beneath the surface or intermediate course. It may be composed of crushed stone, crushed slag, crushed or uncrushed gravel and sand, or combinations of these materials.
It also may be bound with asphalt see Asphalt Base Course. Cold-Laid Plant Mixture—Plant mixes that may be spread and com- pacted at atmospheric temperature. Thick-Lift Asphalt Construction—A construction practice in which the asphalt course is placed in one or more lifts of mm 4 in. S, Patent Office certifies that the pavement is constructed of asphalt with an asphalt surface on an asphalt base and in accordance with design concepts established by the Institute.
See latest edition of Thickness Design manual, MS A Full-Depth asphalt pavement is laid directly on the prepared subgrade. Mineral Filler—A finely divided mineral product at least 70 percent of which will pass a 75 ym No. Pulverized limestone is the most commonly manufactured filler, although other stone dust, hydrated lime, portiand cement, fly ash and certain natural deposits of finely divided mineral matter are also used. Multiple Surface Treatment—Two or more surface treatments using asphalt and aggregate placed one on the other.
The aggregate maximum size of each successive treatment is usually one-half that of the previous one, and the total thickness is about the same as the nominal maximum size aggregate particles of the first course. A multiple surface treatment is a denser wearing and waterproofing course than a single surface treatment, and it adds some strength but is not normally assigned a structural coefficient.
Pavement Structure—All courses of selected material placed on the foundation or subgrade soil, other than any layers or courses constructed in grading operations. Plant Mix—A mixture, produced in an asphalt mixing facility that consists of mineral aggregate uniformly coated with asphalt cement, emulsified asphalt or cutback asphalt.
Rock Asphalt Pavements—Pavements constructed of. Single Surface Treatments—A single application of asphalt to any kind of road surface followed immediately by a single layer of aggregate of as uniform size as practicable.
The thickness of the treatment is about the same as the nominal maximum size aggregate particles. A single surface treatment is used as a wearing and waterproofing course. Subbase—The course in the asphalt pavement structure immediately below the base course is called the subbase course.
If the subgrade soil is of adequate quality it may serve as the subbase. Subgrade—The soil prepared to support a structure or a pavement system. It is the foundation for the pavement structure. Have sufficient total thickness and internal strength to carry expected traffic loads, 2.
Have adequate compaction to prevent the penetration or internal accumulation of moisture, and 3. Have a top surface that is smooth, skid resistant, and resistant to wear, distortion, and deterioration by weather and deicing chemicals. The subgrade ultimately carries all traffic loads. Therefore, the structural function of a pavement is to support a wheel load on the pavement surface and transfer and spread that load to the subgrade without exceeding either the strength of the subgrade or the internal strength of the pavement itself Figure 1.
MS-4 19 Figure 1. The pavement then spreads the wheel load to the subgrade so that the maximum pressure on the subgrade is only P. By proper selection of pavement materials and with adequate pavement thickness, P, will be small enough to be easily supported by the subgrade.
Descriptions and Definitions Asphalt pavement is a general term applied to any pavement that has a surface constructed with asphalt Figure 1. Normally, it consists of a surface course layer of mineral aggregate coated and cemented with asphalt; and one or more supporting courses, which may be: 1. Asphalt base, consisting of asphalt-aggregate mixtures; 2. Crushed stone rock , slag, or gravel; and 3. Portland cement concrete.
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